Java's Ongoing Popularity

logic and the database access) which are customarily written in Java. Here again, the portability of Java (it runs without changes on most major platforms, all desktops, and most mobile devices) and its ability to scale to thousands of simultaneous users, and the comparative ease of finding developers fluent in the language make it the most attractive option for businesses.

• Java can be used for many kinds of devices. As a recent example, Java plays a principal role as the main language and platform for developmentfor devices relating to the Internet of Things (IoT). This includes the software on the devices themselves and, of course, on the back-end servers that the devices talk to and deliver the remote data they’ve collected. Even IoT devices aimed at hobbyists now include Java. For example, the RaspberryPi, the very popular low-cost, low-power platform for experimentation and IoT development comes bundled with a Java development kit (JDK).

The success of Java in new niches and its continued use in the enterprise market is not solely attributable to the momentum of a large installed base, alt h o u g h that undoubtedly contributes. Java, the language, libraries, and its runtime envi ronment— which includes a runtime engine known as the Java virtual machine (JVM)—are the subjects of constant innovation, which has kept the Java platform uniquely suited to the changes in computing technology. This is reflected in several areas of emerging importance, perhaps none more compelling than the cloud. Every major platform-as-a-service (PaaS) provider—Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Oracle, IBM—offers Java platforms. And those platforms are actively used to run major applications. Oracle has begun to pioneer addi¬tional Java cloud services aimed at software developers: Oracle Java SE Cloud Service and Oracle Developer Cloud Service.

This continued emphasis on Java enhancement represents a sizable investment by Oracle, which underwrites the cost of a large, dedicated team of engineers who work full time on the language, libraries, and the JVM. These efforts are complemented by contributions from a large community consisting of vendors porting Java to additional platforms, as well as individuals with expertise in specific technical areas, such as concurrency.

The open source community in particular is a wellspring of comments and suggestions. Driven in part by the community’s suggestions, the Java team released Java 8, which significantly reduced the amount of code to perform important functions, including parallel programming, by allowing Java developers to embrace a functional style of programming in combination with the object-oriented style on which Java was based from the beginning. The next release, Java 9, which is under active development, emphasizes compact size of Java programs, organization and maintainability of code and libraries as projects scale, and enhancing the language’s excellent performance with improvements to startup.

Few development environments and platforms today enjoy the investment of a sizable corps of full-time engineers dedicated to fitting it to emerging technologies. Of those, fewer yet welcome active participation from a large community of contributors and advisors. This confluence of substantial investment and community participation mean that Java continues to be well suited to developers’ needs.